Should Dolphins be Considered Persons Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Should Dolphins be Considered Persons - Essay Example Personhood is connected with a variety of theoretical issues with the most significant being that persons get better treatment that nonpersons. Although the terms human and person are used interchangeably as synonyms on a daily basis, the two words have a different meaning form a philosophical perspective.The word human is a scientific concept with reference to members of the biological category Homo sapiens. On the other hand, the word person refers to a combination of complex traits by which we define intelligence, self-consciousness and freewill (White 2007).According to recent research by scientists, dolphins have proven to possess sophisticated nervous systems, as well as a high level of intellectual and emotional ability. This characteristic of the dolphins makes it unethical for human beings to cause them pain and use these creatures for a convenience whereas, there is another way to achieve the same result. Diana Reiss, who is a marine scientist, has defined dolphins as †Å"alien intelligence.† Diana Reiss asserts that the dolphin species are perfect model for assisting humanity to formulate ways of describing and comprehending the intelligence of non-human species. Anthropocentrism has led humans to be subject to bias quintessentially while investigating other species.Dolphins have the most similarities with human beings than any other species. Firstly, dolphins are mammals that bear their off springs alive, take care of them by feeding them via their mammary glands, and they are warm-blooded and have hair. Physically, the dolphins resemble human beings to some extent especially the eyes, mouth and teeth. Although dolphins are aquatic inhabitants, they are engaging and share fundamental traits with human beings (White 2007). The behavior of dolphins shows they are intelligent animals with distinct personalities and self-sense. Diana Reiss, a marine scientist, showed that dolphins could recognize themselves on a mirror reflection and utilize it to inspect other body parts, as well. This ability has since the past been thought to be limited only to human beings. In addition, Diana Reiss found out that captive dolphins possessed the ability to learn an elementary language based on symbols. Some research has shown that dolphins are capable and do solve difficult problems. Dolphins in a wild environment show co-operation in various ways that involve multifaceted structures and a high level of emotional sophistication (White 2007). Dolphins perform fascinating well-organized movement that indicates a high level of intellect. They lead above the water surface in acrobatic figures. Although several researches have been conduct with respect to the movement of dolphins, scientists are not yet sure what the motive of their acrobatic movement is. Scientists have assumed that the movement maybe meant to locate fellow species by looking at above water waves. Communication could be another likely reason for their acrobatic movement to merge them together for hunting or dislodging parasites. Play is a vitalS characteristic of the dolphins, and they are spotted harassing other creatures such as seabirds and turtles in some instances. On frequent occasions, dolphins accompany boats and ride bow waves. Dolphins are interactive in nature as observed in their willingness to approach humans on several occasions and play with them in water. There have been reports of incidents where dolphins have provided protection to swimmers against sharks by swimming circles around them. This characteristic reveals the high intellectual capacity of the dolphins. The dolphins also communicate among themselves by use of clicks,

Mary Shelley novel Frankenstein Essay Example for Free

Mary Shelley novel Frankenstein Essay Once, Victor completes his creation of the being he finds him to be very repulsive and he feels it is impossible to love such a thing , His yellow skin scarcely covered the work of muscles and arteries beneath; his hair was of a lustrous black and flowing but these luxuries only formed a more horrid contrast. Instead of staying to understand why and how his experiment went so drastically wrong, or to take care of his creation, he runs away from his responsibilities with fear one hand wrenched out, seemingly to detain me, but I escape and rushed down stairs During Victors encounters with his creation he treats his creation with disrespect and hatred even though it was he who created this monster. Victor feels his creation is disdain and malignant, he also feels that his creatures ugliness rendered it almost too horrible for human eyes . During this time Victor is very childish in his opinions as he insults his creation it hasnt done anything wrong. But on the other hand, his creation tries to be civilized and reasonable. Victor tries using his intelligence to fight against the creature, as the creature defeats him in any imaginable physical aspect. But Victor underestimates the creatures true intelligence and understanding of life; the creature returns the fire back to Victor with his own degree of intelligence. This situation soon turns to Victor becoming seriously immature and irresponsible, as he tries to incorporate a verbal battle into the damage relationship between them unlike the creature who tries to civil. Initially Frankensteins creature is seen as aggressive and violent but this is only shown in the eyes of Victor Frankenstein. The creation is no portrayed a thoughtful and caring creature but this is overshadowed by his aggression which he only uses to emphasise is want for a father figure and a friend, so he looks to Frankenstein, his creature. Because of Frankensteins rejection the creature becomes more and more bitter and rejected and as a result becomes more violent and aggressive which is his way of portraying hatred towards Frankenstein. At this point of the novel the creature created by Frankenstein acts more adult-like than Frankenstein himself. I feel that Frankenstein should take responsibility for his own action and consider the consequences, and then reflect on these consequences, but he totally rejects the creature because of its appearance. The creation has learnt a lot of advanced knowledge in a short space of time, and has become more lingual than his creator, which shows that the creature could live alone in the world but it just needs a companion or a father figure to help him on the way. Victors tragic fate is sealed by his growing obsession to destroy his creation because of all the hurt it has caused him in the latter stages of the novel. As Victors obsession to destroy the monster grows he begins to have a role reversal as he becomes the outsider and the creature becomes the supremely intelligent one, now he experiences all the misery and hatred that the monster felt after he rejected him. This change is quite ironic as the creature and Victor switch roles. This ironic change also shows Frankenstein how he treated people at this time from this Victor learnt a very important lesson Treat others as you would like to be treated yourself . This change now begins to change Victors perspective on life, as he starts to feel guilty for what he has put his creation through, the torture and rejection. The guilt has now been emphasised by the hatred of Frankenstein of him self and his hatred of the creature. In conclusion the tragic fate of Victor Frankenstein is brought about by his own careless actions. Mary Shelley is showing us that the causes of Victors death were down to himself and his own actions. Victors careless pursuit of scientific knowledge is partly to blame for his fate as he never, until his monster was created thought about the consequences. Victors overstepping of human boundaries by defying God and going against nature is also partially to blame as, he again never considers the moral issues surrounding the recreation of people. Finally the main point of his fate was caused by his inability to love what he has given to live. Frankenstein only sees his creation for its inhuman looks and physical appearance, instead of the creatures personality and feelings; he only shows a one-dimensional view of the monster. Mary Shelley has given the novel a hidden message, this message is trying to put across the dangers of pride and egotism, as in the novel Victor feels that when he recreates life he will become world famous. The second message of this novel is that the careless use of science can become dangerous. Frankenstein not considering the consequences of his action is showing this careless use of science. Mary Shelley does not criticize this act of creation, but Victor is unwilling to accept responsibility, for his deeds. His creation only becomes a monster because of its rejection from humans and especially Victor Frankenstein. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section.

The Censors, by Luisa Valenzuela Essay -- Satire, Symbols, Analysis

â€Å"The Censors† by Luisa Valenzuela The short story â€Å"The Censors† by Luisa Valenzuela is set in Argentina during the dictatorship of Jorge Videla who reigned from 1976 to 1983. Juan, the protagonist of the text, starts the story by writing a letter to his old friend, Mariana, at her new residence in Paris. He had received Mariana’s new address from a confidential source and was too excited to think of his actions before writing and sending the letter. Later, Juan’s â€Å"mind [was] off his job during the day and [he couldn’t] sleep at night,† thinking of the letter (Valenzuela 966). He believes the contents to be innocent and irreproachable, but the censors of the Argentine government â€Å"examine, sniff, feel, and read between the lines of each and every letter† (Valenzuela 966) for the signs of uprising among the people. He then thinks of the censorship offices and the extremely few letters that are actually sent. He ponders the months or years that a single letter cou ld take to be delivered and all that time â€Å"the freedom, maybe even life, of both the sender and receiver [are] in jeopardy† (Valenzuela 966). Juan is troubled for Mariana’s well being. He knows that the â€Å"Censor’s Secret Command operates all over the world [and] there’s nothing to stop them from going [to the] obscure Paris neighborhood [and] kidnapping Mariana† (Valenzuela 966). Soon he decides his course of action is to join the Post Office’s Censorship Division and retrieve his letter to save Mariana. Juan was hired immediately as there was a great demand for censors and no one â€Å"bothered to check on his references† (Valenzuela 966). He was content to be working; all he could do to retrieve his letter was being done. Even when he was sent to Section K where envelopes were ... ...ack to destroy Juan. Since he didn’t find the letter to be important, he acted carelessly and discarded it and was â€Å"one more victim of his devotion to his work† (Valenzuela 968). Although many people would not go as far as to essentially commit suicide through the government, Valenzuela is making the point that secrets are dangerous. At the same time, Valenzuela is showing the average person can always be corrupted and caught up in their government if said government is corrupt. The most innocent person will always be tainted and destroyed by an iniquitous government. Through Juan’s letter and actions, Valenzuela depicts the satirical theme of how anyone can be corrupted by a perverted government. Works Cited Valenzuela, Luisa. â€Å"The Censors.† Elements of Literature: World Literature. Trans. David Unger. Austin, Texas: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 2006. Print.

Macro and Micro Environmental Factors Essay

There are many other products to choose in the soft drink market include Pepsi Co product , the different is those products are cheaper than Gatorade * In order to attract more customers, Gatorade has improved its product quality and spent lots of money on advertising. -Selling products Gatorade mostly is the imported product so most distributor afraid that they can’t sell Gatorade because of Gatorade price * Gatorade has increased the supplier’s commission. -Publics: The customers in the last 1 year with the developing of VN economic has begun to care about their health lately. Many sport center, fitness club, etc†¦ has been opened in the last 15 years. * The big, potential market for energy beverage drink such as Gatorade to grow. As the result, Pepsi has built up many small, convenient store around those places. * Advertising and promoting trough sport events. Gatorade is also focus on McKinsey’s structure include: structure, strategy, and skill, staff, and style, system and share value. + Style: Gatorade is one of the company which have style. It helps Pepsi too adopted to changes so it can reach and fix it quickly. + Strategy: Improve the sport drink market in VN * Improve both product quality and price * Has an production line in VN with cheap resources and good materials but still guarantee the quality. So as to compete, Pepsi has advertised its product a lot and had various surveys to research what their consumer’s needs and produce healthy products are. Macro environment -Political : VN has been the 150th member of WTO so it has attracted many big investors all over the world. The government has supported many enterprises and business investments by changing to the international law, this has led to more active business action which the consumers can approach to the local products and costumers can have more choice within all the global products too. * Pepsi Co considered about importing more Gatorade in each trip to reduce to price and earn more revenue or adding no more product. -Technology: Consumers now mostly pay all the products by credit, master or visa card which allows company to narrow the distance between producer and buyer. > It invests not only in one country but open up many branches all over the world and there must be decision whether to use capital for hiring staff, advertising the product, etc†¦. or not – Economics environment: The average income of a Vietnamese is affected by inflation and economic ciao. So, the number of selling product s are also decrease. Pepsi has made a decision to having more and more promotion, and held lots of social event to refresh the consumer’s comments about the company to set up a good new one. Environment: The environment issue in VN is becoming more and more serious. This problem is can’t be avoid in developing country. It’s the result of industrialize and modernization. To reduce pollution government has set up a law in order to protect the environment. Even though, Vietnamese’s awareness isn’t as high as other country but the law has been enforced a great punishment to those who pollute the environment. * This make Pepsi spent lots of money in buy new green-facilities , and providing the idea of protecting the nvironment to not only their staff but also their customers. Both help to protect the environment and stil l promote Pepsi good fame. Bargaining Power of Supplier: the soft drink market in VN and foreign isn’t the exclusive market. Bargaining Power of Consumers: * Industries facing powerful buyers: Distributors have the power to negotiate with the company on price, product quality, as well as marketing policy. * Industries facing weak buyers : have little impact on the market, Each buyers will buy the products with different purposes. Some bought to sell, others for political purpose . Numbers of require products is too much for the producer to still keeping it product quality. So that, the pressure is heavy too Threat of entry: Gatorade has many competitors. Competition from substitutes: Gatorade should be change product when customer want and need, also price and quality. Competition between firms: Gatorade have many competitor in Vietnam. Gatorade should always pay attention to your competitors.

Banned Books Essay

Banned books are becoming more current in this day of time. People often do not understand the challenge of books or why a book is being banned. Ken Petrilli, the author of â€Å"Banned Books Week: Celebrating You (and Celebrating Your (and Your Teens! ) Freedom to Read† in the Young Adult Library Services summer of 2009, talks about how he understand, how the parents feel about some books being banned. He also advised ways to make displays for banned books week. Petrilli is a teen service librarian, a musician, and serves on the YALSA’s Intellectual Freedom Committee. â€Å"To Read or Not to Read: Understanding Book Censorship† by Deborah Connelly, was published in the Community and Junior College Libraries in the year of 2009. In Connelly’s article, she wants people to know what book censorship means and how librarians deal with people who want to challenge books. In both articles each writer gives a description of why books are banned. Petrilli’s article has less information but his credibility comes from his services as being a librarian and serving on the YALSA’s Intellectual Freedom Committee. Connelly’s article has more information but nowhere in her article is her credibility. However, by analyzing both of the articles neither Petrilli nor Connelly’s articles are scholarly. In the article Ken Petrilli’s â€Å"Banned Books Week Celebrating You (and Your Teens! ) Freedom to Read† article is to be read by young adult and their parents, and other librarians. Young adults often wonder why their parents or other groups will not allow them to read certain types of books. He state, â€Å"As teen and young adult librarian; we are on the frontline of intellectual freedom issues more than anyone else in our profession. †(Petrilli 4) While on the other hand parents do not agree with the materials and content that is in the book that their young adult reads. Where he states â€Å"Parents concerned about what their children are reading. This, in and of itself, is not necessarily a bad thing: we want to see parents who are concerned! † (Petrilli 4) In Deborah Connelly’s article â€Å"To Read or Not to Read: Understanding Book Censorship†, talks about how people should have the right to read. Connelly states â€Å"While history shows that there are those that try to suppress the right to read, there are also those that have worked tirelessly to preserve it. †(Connelly 84) In challenging and banning books many parents often ban so that their child cannot read a book with rudely contents; it should be up to the parent to make that decision for their child or young adult to read a certain book. Not to ban the book from the whole community. Connelly states â€Å"Many of these statements deal with parents being the ultimate role model and advocate in what they feel is right for their child and how to empower their child to make decisions based on their values in regards to what they read. ( ALA2008) (Connelly 86) When a book that is being Challenged mostly parents or specific groups, the books are sometimes banned because they may have seen or heard that the challenged book may have a little sexual content, profane words, or unmorally things in its context. The parents or groups who challenged these books do not fully read the materials to get the full understanding. Connelly suggests reading the books before a parent or group challenges the book because there are a couple of words that they do not agree with. Connelly states â€Å"Many times those that consider banning a book do so without examining the work. (Jocelyn Chadwick 2000)(Connelly87) According to Petrilli in his article he sympathizes with the parents who have had some parent and groups who had some books banned. He clearly states that, â€Å"I think it is important for us to remember not to overtly demonize most potential challengers. They are, after all, people just like us, and being concerned for our children’s well-being is never wrong. † (Petrilli 4) Petrilli also wants to support the Banned Books Week, by giving suggestions on how to display the library and to have discussions about banned books. He states â€Å"What I do is important and the fighting for our collections and our teen patrons is a battle. (Petrilli 5) Petrilli feels that people who challenged books because they feel as if these books with the explicit details or will corrupt the minds of their young adults. He states â€Å"This fear is often disguised as moral outrage. They want to believe that if their children don’t read about it, their children won’t know about it. And if they don’t know about it, it won’t happen. †(Petrilli 4) Connelly believes that during the challenges of banning a book, a librarian has a big role to play. First the librarian has to face the issues of day to day of book challenges and to insure they know the policy. Connelly states, â€Å"The librarian of today is still faced with controversial issues regarding politics and religious connation within books or any other materials are challenged, these policies will be on place to refer to as a bases for the selection. † (Connelly85) Connelly also believes that if the Office for Intellectual Freedom did not create a policy for the American Library Association there will be a few books that will not be banned today due to all the books that were banned years ago. People will be limited to what they can read. The freedom of reading would vanish. In her article she stated â€Å"The Freedom to read contains seven propositions, each one as important as the other. † She also states, â€Å"To truly feel the passion and thought placed behind these propositions, one must read them. †(Connelly 84) She also suggests that the librarians should know what to do when a book comes up to be challenged. The librarian has to be professional and also opened mined as well when it comes to a parent or group challenging a book or materials. Although librarians have a great deal of responsibility, Connelly states â€Å"A librarian must keep in mind the diverse patronage of their establishment and provide materials that are accessible to everyone. † (Connelly 85) Connelly also lets her readers know that if he or she are going to challenge a book then he or she should also know the guidelines. A person just cannot go a say â€Å"I want this book banned† or â€Å"Take this book off the shelf because it is inappropriate for my child or young adult to read. † There is a process the challenger has to fill out forms, have names of those who assist. Then state the reason why the book or material is being challenged. Connelly also advised her readers that there might be some legal issues in giving young adult sexually explicit materials. So the readers might want to check in their state to find out the laws about simply giving some that is not of age, sexual explicit materials. Connelly states â€Å"An Oregon law was passed that â€Å"criminalizes the dissemination of sexually explicit material to anyone under the age 13and ect. †(Connelly 86) Petrilli casually, lets his readers know that even though there is a banned books week, that there are still going to be a deal of banned books challenges. And books will be banned. Petrilli states â€Å"Never forget that potential challengers are out there and some are motivated by fervent religious or potential beliefs. † (Petrilli 5) By Petrilli being employed as a young adult and teen service librarian he has hands on experience with having books or materials challenged. In the beginning of the article Petrilli gives a brief description of what Banned Books week is. He says that, â€Å"Banned Books Week is observed the last week of September each year and it has been observed every year since 1982. †(Petrilli 4) Petrilli also lets the book challengers know that equal opportunity and access should be the readers right. It should not be because the challenger is not pleased with it. In Petrilli’s article he states â€Å"We provide equal access for anyone to whatever it is they are looking to read: and that includes the teens we works with every day. (Ptetrilli 5) Petrilli also is persuading his readers to participate in Banned Books week as a librarian Petrilli wants his readers to support this event. To Pertilli it is imperative that parents, young adults, and groups so he or she can become more comfortable with their freedom to read or to learn and understand why some books and materials are being challenged and banned from the community. Connelly wants readers to know, that librarians are not against all books being challenged. She states, â€Å"Librarians are not the only member of need to protect the Freedom to Read. †(Connelly 86) She goes on and states â€Å"Lastly, the most underused but most influential tool that librarians have in dealing with book controversy is their own voices. †(Connelly 85) Connelly also wants the challengers to maybe rethink his or her intent to challenge a book. She clearly states, â€Å"All in all, censorship is based on fear and emotions. † (Connelly87) Connelly also states â€Å"Knowledge is the key to understanding. † (Connelly87) In the article Connelly shared that there was a little stir-up about the book that was banned and removed from several libraries which was The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain. This book was said that was banned due to the content of the n used several times in the story. Connelly used this in her article for a perfect example of book banishment. She stated â€Å"†it is easy to see how this could upset people to the point of removing this book from schools. † (Connelly 86) Connelly points out to the audience, that the assistant professor at Harvard University, Jocelyn Chadwick had studied Mark Twain’s work for years. She wanted to get a full understanding of his book. Since people was upset about the book because of the n word was so offended that it never appeared to them that the book was scene was written for the time frame that Mark Twain The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was based on. It seems like Connelly agrees with Jocelyn Chadwick she quote, â€Å"There are countless resources available to the community that provide information about censorship (pro or against), litigations, organizations, and other useful materials that can assist people to make better informed decisions about questionable literature. (Connelly 87) In the two articles that have been analyzed, through the types of claim, that Petrilli is proposing that it is to the challengers and non- challengers benefit to attend a Banned Books week at his or her nearest library. Connelly suggests that before a person challenge a book read the book form beginning to end, to understand the book better to get the feeling of emotions when reading the book. Who knows the book might not be all that damaging. The rhetorical triangle of Petrilli’s article had the Emotional appeal. Connelly’s passage was that of more of and logical appeal. The writing style for Petrilli’s article was unbiased and casual. Whereas for Connelly’s writing stlye was biased where she want people to understand what book banning really is. Neither Petrilli’s nor Connelly’s articles is scholarly. There was not enough information in Petrilli’s article and there was no credibility in Connelly’s article.